Comparative Antimicrobial Activities of Musa paradisiaca and Bougainvillea glabra flowers
Singh Hridayanand*, Singh Vijender, Kumar Sokindra
School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida - 201306 Dist- GB Nagar (UP) India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: singh.hn12@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effect of crude extract of locally available plants, Musa paradisiaca (flower) and Bougainvillea glabra (flower) on bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus niger). The inhibitory effect of both the test plants was determined by agar disc diffusion method. Test organisms inhibited by both the flowers extract. The extract of Musa paradisiaca flower produced wider zones of inhibition against Candida spp. than the Bougainvillea glabra flower. The minimum inhibitory concentration was also evaluated for the extracts. Results show that these flowers are interesting source of antimicrobial and also antifungal agents.
KEYWORDS: Antimicrobial activity, Musa paradisiaca, Bougainvillea glabra, Minimum inhibitory concentration, flowers.
INTRODUCTION:
Even though pharmacological industries have produced a number of new antibiotics in the last three decades, resistance to these drugs by microorganisms has increased. The problem of microbial resistance is growing and the outlook for the use of antimicrobial drugs in the future is still uncertain. Therefore, actions must be taken to reduce this problem, for example, to control the use of antibiotic, develop research to better understand the genetic mechanisms of resistance, and to continue studies to develop new drugs, either synthetic or natural. The ultimate goal is to offer appropriate and efficient antimicrobial drugs to the patient.
Traditional medicinal plants are rapidly growing and are used globally in various treatments for example; African traditional medicinal based immune boosters and infectious disease1, Chinese traditional medicine plants for improvement of memory and cognitive function2, Indian traditional medicinal plant used for antidiabetic potentials3.
For a long period of time, plants have been a valuable source of natural products for maintaining human health, especially in the last decade, with more intensive studies for natural therapies. About 80% of individuals from developed countries use traditional medicine, which has compounds derived from medicinal plants. Therefore, such plants should be investigated to better understand their properties, safety and efficiency4. The use of plant extracts and phytochemicals, both with known antimicrobial properties, can be of great significance in therapeutic treatments. In the last few years, a number of studies have been conducted in different countries to prove such efficiency5,6. Many plants have been used because of their antimicrobial traits, which are due to compounds synthesized in the secondary metabolism of the plant. These products are known by their active substances, for example, the phenolic compounds which are part of the essential oils7 as well as in tannin8.
The present study included the plant species used in folk medicines, which were selected due to lack of scientific data especially on antimicrobial activities.
Plant materials:
Fresh plant material consisted, flowers of Musa paradisiaca and flowers of Bougainvillea glabra was collected from the local areas mentioned in Table 1. Plant materials were cleaned and dried at room temperature.
Extraction procedure:
On the other hands fresh flowers of Bougainvillea glabra was crushed, 500gm flower chopped into small pieces and were placed in conical flasks. Ninety five percent (95%) ethanol was added to bottle until the plant where completely submerged. The plant materials were soaked for 48 hours. Extraction was done by filtering the mixture through a Buchner funnel with gentle suction. Solvent was recovered; extracts were concentrated and allowed to dry at room temperature.
Test Organisms:
Cultures of the microorganism, used in these studies were obtained from Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University are: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Stock cultures of Bacteria and fungi were maintained on Nutrient agar and Potato Dextrose Agar slants, respectively. All cultures were subcultured monthly and subsequently stored at 40C.
Antimicrobial activity:
It was performed by agar diffusion method using a paper disc. Nutrient agar (purchased from Hi- Media) and sabouraud’s dextrose agar (purchased from Hi- Media) was used for bacterial and fungal strains respectively. The sterilized (autoclaved at 1210C for 20 mins) medium (40- 500C) was inoculated (1ml/100ml of medium) with the suspension of microorganism. The paper discs impregnated with extracts (30, 50 and 100µg/ml in dimethyl sulphoxide) was placed on the solidified medium. The plates were preincubated for 1 hr at room temperature and then incubated at 370C for 24 and 300C at 48 hrs for antibacterial and antifungal activities respectively. Cephalexin (30µg/disc, purchased from Hi-media and Fluconazole (10µg/disc, marketed product of cipla was used i.e.Fluka tablet) was used as standard for antibacterial and antifungal activity respectively.
Minimum inhibitory concentration:
The MIC was determined by the micro dilution method using liquid nutrient media with different aliquots of the test materials. 10ml of sterilized double strength nutrient media was poured into sterilized test tube. From the stock solution (100µg/ml in DMSO) different concentrations of extracts were added to double strength nutrient media, to all tubes and 0.1ml of bacterial suspension was added and tube were incubated at required temperature. The growth was observed for turbidity and inhibition was determined by absence of growth. MIC was determined by the lowest concentration of sample that inhibits the development of turbidity.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The ethnobotanical data including botanical name, local name, location and part used of selected plant species are summarized in [Table 1]. Both the plants are traditionally used in the treatment of Ulcer, Skin diseases, Toothache, Typhoid, Scabies etc. The extractive yield of Musa paradisiaca and Bougainvillea glabra was 12.5% w/w and 7.9% w/w of dry plants respectively.
Antimicrobial activities were performed by agar diffusion method using a paper disc, where an average of three independent determination was recorded [Table 2]. Both the flowers crude extract exhibited antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains and antifungal activity against all the fungal strains tested.
Table 1: Ethnobotanical data for Musa paradisiaca and Bougainvillea glabra flowers
|
Botanical name |
Family |
Local name |
Part of plant used |
Areas of collection |
Extractive yield (%w/w) |
|
Musa paradisiaca |
Musaceae |
Kele ka phul |
Flower |
Greater Noida |
12.5 |
|
Bougainvillea glabra |
Nyctaginaceae |
Paper flower |
Flower |
Greater Noida |
7.9 |
Table 2: Antimicrobial activities of Musa paradisiaca and Bougainvillea glabra flowers
|
Plant materials |
Conc. (µg/ml) |
Zone of inhibition (mm) |
||||||
|
Bacterial strains |
Fungal strain |
|||||||
|
S. aureus |
E. coli |
K. pneumoniae |
P. aeruginosa |
C. albicans |
C .tropicalis |
A. niger |
||
|
Bougainvillea glabra |
50 |
14.2 |
11 ± 0.1 |
8 |
9.5 |
8.2 ± 0.4 |
7 ± 0.1 |
6.4 ± 0.1 |
|
100 |
16 ± 0.5 |
12 ± 0.3 |
10.8 ± 0.4 |
11.2 ± 0.2 |
15.7 ± 0.2 |
14 ± 0.5 |
13 ± 0.5 |
|
|
1mg |
17 |
15.4 ± 0.2 |
14 |
14.1 ± 0.3 |
16.2 ± 0.3 |
15.8 ± 0.6 |
15.2 ± 0.3 |
|
|
Musa paradisiaca |
50 |
8.5 ± 0.7 |
9 ± 0.3 |
10 ± 0.2 |
8.5 ± 0.6 |
8± 0.2 |
8.5± 0.2 |
8.4 |
|
100 |
11.1 ± 0.3 |
10 |
13± 0.3 |
10 |
14.2 ± 0.3 |
16 ± 0.3 |
14 |
|
|
1mg |
15.9 ± 0.2 |
14.1 ± 0.1 |
14.1 ± 0.3 |
12.4 ± 0.4 |
17 ± 0.7 |
17.9 ± 0.1 |
16.4 ± 0.2 |
|
|
Std |
50 |
16 |
14± 0.3 |
15 |
16 |
18 |
19± 0.5 |
18 |
|
Std |
100 |
24± 0.3 |
22 |
21± 0.3 |
23± 0.3 |
23 |
24± 0.5 |
26 |
|
Std |
1mg |
29 |
25± 0.5 |
26 |
26± 0.3 |
28 |
29± 0.5 |
30 |
Cephalexin and Fluconazole was used as standard for antibacterial and antifungal activity respectively.
Each zone of inhibition is an average of three independent determination and solvent (DMSO) did not show any inhibition.
Both flower extracts produced outstanding antibacterial activity against Gram positive with the greater zone of inhibition than gram negative bacteria. Considering in this study the Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible than Gram negatives.
Result showed that Musa paradisiaca had potential inhibitory action against fungal strains than bacterial strains tested and it also showed strong antifungal properties than Bougainvillea glabra and Fluconazole (the standard antifungal drug used), as it shown greater zone of inhibition against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus niger .The result is similar to that reported by K. Muthutheyaru9 whose showed methanol extracts of Musa paradisiaca had significant activity in comparison with the standards benzyl penicillin and streptomycin.
In contrast to the result of Musa paradisiaca, Bougainvillea glabra had potential antibacterial activity as it shown larger zone of inhibition against bacterial strains than the fungal strains used.
The lowest concentration of the plant extract required for inhibiting the growth was considered as the MIC of the extracts against bacterial and fungal strains. The MIC values of each extract against the tested microorganisms were presented in [Table 3]. It was found form the data obtained that extract of Musa paradisiaca, required relatively lesser quantity for arresting the growth of tested organisms.
Table 3: MIC values for Musa paradisiaca and Bougainvillea glabra flowers
|
Microorganism |
MIC values ( µL) |
|
|
Bougainvillea glabra F. |
Musa paradisiacal F. |
|
|
S. aureus |
72 |
62 |
|
E. coli |
80 |
65 |
|
K. pneumoniae |
85 |
60 |
|
P. aeruginosa |
76 |
65 |
|
C. albicans |
52 |
65 |
|
C .tropicalis |
68 |
60 |
|
A. niger |
65 |
61 |
Graph 1: Concentration Vs Zone of Inhibition (mm)
Graph 2: Concentration of Std Vs Zone of Inhibition (mm)
Graph 3: Concentration Vs Zone of Inhibition (mm)
Graph 4: Concentration of Std drug Vs Zone of Inhibition (mm)
Graph 5: Microorganisms Vs MIC values ( µL)
The results of present study indicates that both plant extracts showed antibacterial as well as antifungal activity against tested organisms. We found that Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible than gram negative bacteria. Among the two crud extracts, Musa paradisiaca flower showed greater antifungal activity than Bougainvillea glabra flower. From the MIC valued we can concluded that extract of Musa paradisiaca, required relatively lesser quantity for arresting the growth of tested organisms.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
The authors are very thankful to the faculty and administration of Sharda University, Greater Noida and also Dr. Muhammad Ali for the help in manuscript writing.
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Received on 10.10.2019 Modified on 21.12.2019
Accepted on 30.01.2020 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2020; 13(9):4047-4050.
DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00715.5